BRDF representation in response to the build orientation in 3D-printed digital materials

Additively manufactured (AM) parts still lack a thorough understanding of their optical properties, particularly surface texture and reflectance characteristics at different viewing angles. This study examines the properties material jetting (MJT) using bidirectional distribution functions (BRDFs). The visual appearance MJT was analyzed gonio-spectrophotometer 328 unique incidence geometries for seven wedge angles build orientation (BO) from 0° to 90° 15° intervals. redundancy analysis (RDA) principal component (PCA) were used BO determine prominent measurement geometries. results indicate higher BOs resulted in more color variation rougher surfaces, with Sq 4.21 μm vertical compared 1.42 horizontal BOs. Furthermore, it affected representation parametric estimation BRDF, where significantly lower luminance, diffuse reflection, less hue observed all CMYK resins printed Accordingly, vertically surfaces showed wider near-to-specular luminance area than other An property suggests that can be embedded printing process quality assurance AM as computationally efficient model.